Dr. Luis Maiz Carro

Dr. Luis Maiz Carro
Pulmonary Disease
Madrid


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Dr. Luis Maiz Carro Pulmonologist (Lung Doctor)
Madrid

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Dr. Luis Maiz Carro areas of expertise:

Professional statement

Expert pulmonologist who accumulates over 20 years of experience at the University Hospital Ramon y Cajal in Madrid.

*Translated with Google translator. We apologize for any imperfection

Diseases, Medical Tests and Treatments

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the most common diseases of the lungs and makes breathing difficult progresiva.Los way of patie ...

Smoking cessation (quitting)

  Smoking is the acute or chronic poisoning caused by the consumption of snuff addictive. It presents all the characteristics of all generated depe ...

Biopsy pleura

The pleural biopsy is a test to remove a sample of the membrane surrounding the markers (the pleura) and to find the cause of an accumulation of fluid ...

Bronchiolitis

Bronchiolitis is a viral disease characterized by swelling of the small airways. Runny nose, cough and shortness of breath are the most common manifes ...

Bronchoscopy

Bronchoscopy is a diagnostic test used to display and collect secretions or tissue samples of the respiratory tract (larynx, trachea and larger bronchi) and diagnose multiple related diseases such as pulmonary obstruction, malignant tumors, biopsies or extraction of liquids for further study, besides being used for therapeutic purposes. This test is prescribed in cases where there is bleeding from airways, persistent cough without cause, altered the results of a chest x-ray, in monitoring infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, or where necessary remove foreign bodies. Performing hard pulmonary bronchoscopy between 15 and 20 minutes and is well tolerated test involves the introduction of a rigid or flexible tube (as the case may be a local or general anesthetic), through nose or mouth to the bronchi, by aspiration to collect secretions or samples. ...

Chronic bronchitis

Chronic bronchitis, also known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is the persistent inflammation of the lining of the bronchi causing dyspnea, mild persistent cough and mucus. According to its progression, shortness of breath may limit the ability of the person to lead a normal daily activity. Among its most serious complications include pulmonary hypertension, gasping and/or choking breath, chronic obstruction of the bronchi, and the development of pneumonia, tuberculosis and emphysema. Its origin is associated with several factors:persistent cough with phlegm, characteristic of a bad cold curing; tobacco, 80% of cases; Continuous exposure to fumes, dust, or agents that irritate the mucous own work activities; or relatively rare inherited deficiency of a protein called alpha-1-antitrypsin, which protects lung tissue inflammation caused by infections and certain irritating inhalation, as smoke snuff. The most effective treatment to reduce irritation of the bronchial tubes are the abandonment of smoking, as well as the administration of antibiotics, expectorant drugs (except antitussives), and the use of bronchodilators (to open the airways). When chronic bronchitis is severe is needed sputum culture to check the need for a change in treatment. ...

Chronic Cough

Chronic cough is one that lasts for more than three weeks without apparent cause and diagnosed from several tests such as provocation of bronchospasm, spirometry, chest CT, etc. Readers are referred to a specialist when cough lasts so long and not wait many years, as this can have a recurring and chronic course   ...

Cystic Fibrosis

  Cystic fibrosis (CF), or mucovicidosis, is a non-contagious and incurable, hereditary, genetic disease, manifested at birth because of the inheritance of altered genes. This complex disease is characterized because it affects all organs but in different ways and to varying degrees, depending on the case. When it has CF. a very viscous mucus that clogs the lungs, digestive system and the player occurs, preventing normal operation. The diagnosis is made by genetic analysis of blood and from or iontophoresis sweat test to check the excessive secretion of salt through sweat in these patients. Currently, he is studying to apply gene therapy to cure CF by replacing the defective gene that causes this disease otherwise normal-functioning. Meanwhile, therapies and drugs most used for this disease: respiratory physiotherapy exercises with previous inhalation drug for thinning mucus; antibiotic treatment, oral, intravenous or inhaled route; pancreatic enzymes administered at each meal; vitamin supplements, calorie supplements and proper diet; isotonic drinks to prevent dehydration; performing some light exercise to improve lung capacity, and in extremely serious cases, the transplant. ...

Lung biopsy

  Lung biopsy is the method of extraction of one or two pieces of lung tissue for histological examination and to determine the best diagnosis of lung diseases. To carry out the test, which usually lasts between 30 and 60 minutes, previously follow a protocol (food and drug fasting, an X-ray and a CT scan of the chest). Lung biopsy is initiated by a skin incision about 3 mm, in which a needle is inserted into the lung tissue or tumor, from which the sample is taken for analysis in the laboratory. Subsequently, a chest radiograph is performed to verify that there has been no damage during the process. ...

Lung Cancer

  Lung cancer is the progressive growth of malignant cells in this vital organ, causing problems in other lung structures, such as the bronchi. It is diagnosed in a very high percentage among the smoking population and almost always to present an excess of cough, which may be associated with coughing. The presence of a primary tumor can be characterized by dyspnea or shortness of breath, hemoptysis or bloody sputum, and other less common symptoms, such as chest pain, ringing in the side of the chest, and weight loss hoarseness. There are, however, other conditions that could suggest the spread of the cancer to other organs (metastasis). The diagnostic examination is to conduct a series of tests such as chest X-ray, CT (scan) of the chest and abdomen, respiratory function tests (spirometry), blood tests, and some form of biopsy (bronchoscopy, CT-guided percutaneous puncture, VATS, and toratocomía). The treatment to be applied depend on the stage of the cancer extension and the type and size of the tumor is found. According to each case, the treatment will be surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or a combination of all. ...

Pleural effusion

  Pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid between the layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavity. The body produces pleural fluid in small amounts to lubricate the surfaces of the pleura, the thin tissue that lines the chest cavity and surrounds the lungs. A pleural effusion is an abnormal collection of this fluid. They can be of two types. Transudative pleural effusions are caused by fluid leaking into the pleural space, which is caused by high pressure in the blood vessels or low protein content in the blood. The most common cause is congestive heart failure. Exudative effusions are caused by blocked blood vessels or lymph vessels, inflammation, lung injury and tumors. The goal of treatment is to remove the liquid, it becomes evtiar to accumulate and determine the cause of accumulation. The removal of fluid (thoracentesis) can be performed if there is a lot of this and is causing pressure in the chest, shortness of breath or other breathing problems, such as low oxygen levels. Removing the fluid allows the lung to expand, making breathing easier. ...

Pneumonia

  Pneumonia (or pneumonia) is an infection of the lungs caused by different germs such as bacteria, viruses and fungi that spread their microorganisms inside the alveoli (the branches where the exchange of oxygen between inhaled air is made and blood in the lungs), through the nose, pharynx or via blood. This causes inflammation with lung damage, which has highly variable symptoms. In typical pneumonia highlights cough with purulent sputum, sometimes with blood or chest pain, and fever with chills. Calls on atypical pneumonia symptoms are less alarming grade fever, malaise, muscle and joint pain, fatigue, headache, dry cough without expectoration, and chest pain less intense. The severity and treatment of this disease will be determined by the extent of the affected lung, the type of germ that produced, age and previous medical history. The treatment is done in most cases without hospitalization, with oral antibiotics, and only applicable to income in cases where the patient does not respond to initial treatment or present other diseases or pleural effusion. ...

Pneumothorax

  Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the space between the lungs (pleural space), causing loss of lung volume and collapse of the affected side. There are different types of this disease: tension pneumothorax, spontaneous, spontaneous secondary to other lung diseases and secondary to trauma. Among them, the most common is the spontaneous pneumothorax occurs without a clear obvious cause. The main symptoms of this disease are shortness of breath and chest tightness, followed by an increase in heart rate and change in skin color, which turns blue due to lack of oxygen. After performing a chest radiograph and arterial blood gas treatment is set to eliminate air in the pleura, allowing the expansion of the lung. Depending on the amount of air present and the degree of compression exerted on the lung will prescribe rest or be placed, via hospital, a chest tube between the ribs to allow the evacuation of air. This drainage can last several days and its control is necessary in a medical center. In cases of recurrent pneumothorax, surgery is required to close the area of ​​the air outlet pleura from the lung. ...

Pulmonary embolism

A, also called pulonar thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot in a blood vessel located moves to a lung artery and causes clogging. Sometimes blood volume contributed by the other non-clogged arteries is insufficient to prevent the death of tissue, and is thus as a pulmonary infarction occurs. The formation of these blood clots (therefore also referred to this disease pulmonary embolism) has its origins in a blood stagnation caused by many factors, among which the fixed assets due to surgery, postoperative, varices, presence of catheterizations, genetic alterations, presence of some diseases and cancer. Generally, symptoms of pulmonary embolism are breathlessness, anxiety, acute chest pain, dizziness, fainting or seizures, and cyanosis (bluish skin). We must pay close attention and request urgent medical attention for these symptoms, as in the cases of patients with severe heart or lung disorders as pulmonary embolism can cause death within two hours. For the diagnosis of this disease they are carried out various analyzes and testing, and venous ultrasound of lower and upper extremities, echocardiograms, and numerous specific tests pulmonary (lung scan and angiography, CT angiography, chest ...). Once diagnosed, treatment can specify which usually includes oxygen, analgesics and anticoagulants such as heparin or warfarin. In cases where the patient's life is endangered surgery is required. ...

Pulmonary Emphysema

  Pulmonary emphysema is an obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by curative treatment without destroying the walls of the alveoli (the branches of the lungs where the exchange of oxygen between the inspired air and the blood is performed), which causes a decrease respiratory function and progressive lung destruction. Its main manifestations are shortness of breath shortness of breath (especially when you're active and exercise is done) and cough. Among the most common causes of emphysema are: consumption of snuff extended in time; environmental and occupational factors, such as exposure to chemicals or toxic gas emissions; the elderly, especially in the male, and in the case of a history of chronic bronchitis, asthma and deficiency of a protein called alpha-1antritipsina (responsible for protecting the lungs from inflammation caused by infections or inhalations). Medical treatment is palliative and includes support for smoking cessation, bronchodilators, antibiotics, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation exercises, lung volume reduction by surgery, and lung transplantation. ...

Pulmonary Fibrosis

  Pulmonary fibrosis (or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) is a respiratory disease in which the lungs become scarred and stiff, making it difficult to breath. It occurs most frequently in patients between 50-70 years, and among some of the causes for its occurrence include the snuff, the effect of some drugs on the body, acid-gastric reflux, environmental causes and exposure to certain substances toxic. Symptoms vary widely: dyspnoea, cough, fever, decreased body mass, etc., so the diagnosis should clarify its difference from other diseases with similar symptoms. Through a comprehensive examination of the patient (complete analysis, chest X-rays, CT scans and biopsy) based primarily on corticosteroids, cytotoxic and anti-fibrotic, with satisfactory results in most cases treatment is established. ...

Pulmonary Nodule

The pulmonary nodule is a spot with round or oval shape that occurs in the lungs and is detected by a CT scan or a chest X-ray. In most cases, the appearance of the lung nodule is not cancerous. Among the causes of their appearance may be scars and past infections. Their morphology is small, with a smooth edge and solid appearance and uniform. In the case of malignant, lung cancer is one of the major diseases that develop. Normally, the pulmonary nodules usually have symptoms. If the patient is a smoker, have symptoms of lung cancer themselves or nodule has grown or changed in appearance, your specialist may want to do a biopsy to rule out cancer. ...

Pulmonary Tuberculosis

  Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can be acquired by inhaling water droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person (called Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Among its most frequent symptoms at an advanced stage of the disease include fever, sweating, weight loss, general fatigue, cough, chest pain, and bleeding in sputum. For the diagnosis is necessary isolation of these bacilli in sputum culture or through various tests or biopsies (broncoescopia, glangionar pleural biopsy or biopsy). If treatment is not done, tuberculosis kills. The usual treatment is based on the combination of at least four drugs (Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol and Pyrazinamide) or sometimes other, administered several times daily for a prolonged period of time (six months, usually). Since it is a communicable disease, follow medical advice with regard to the control of medication and initial insulation to prevent a possible spread of the disease to the rest of the population. ...

Sleep apnea

Sleep apnea is the cessation of breathing that occurs moments after falling asleep and loud snoring preceded by at least 10 seconds. If this process is repeated 5 times per hour of sleep we will face the Obstructive sleep apnea. Obstruction of breathing leads to lower oxygen levels in the body that makes it difficult for the person to have a restful sleep and show signs of fatigue in the morning. Moreover, the persistence of this lack of oxygen could cause pulmonary hypertension and heart failure future right or myocarditis, making it convenient to catch it early and make appropriate tests for safe diagnosis. Therefore it is conducting a sleep study to establish a treatment that includes changing some habits (diet, alcohol withdrawal, postural changes ...) and prescribing a CPAP, a pressure generator as required nasal mask that keeps the airway obstruction, obliterating snoring and promoting restful sleep. In some cases surgery may be required if there are any lesions in the respiratory tract or when use of the mask is not effective. ...

Spirometry

  Spirometry is a painless diagnostic test that measures the volume and flow rate of air into the lungs. It is done through a specialized apparatus, a spirometer or pneumotachograph, whose nozzle must place the patient's lips, while leading tweezers placed in the nose to prevent air from escaping that way. With this test three measurements are made and the best result of the three is the one deck to patient assessment. There are two types of spirometry: simple spirometry and spirometry. In the first patient, after a maximal inspiration, eject the entire volume of air that is able, using all the time you need requested. In spirometry, however, the patient expels all the air in your lungs containing after a deep inspiration in the shortest possible time. The information is obtained from each of these stress tests is different and usually do consecutively. This technique is used for early diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or to control the evolution of already treated patients. ...

thoracentesis

  Thoracentesis is a proof point of the chest wall puncture to extract liquid and / or air in the pleural space (external space of the lungs) using a thin hollow needle or a catheter. Normally the test is performed with the aim of analyzing a sample of fluid causing excessive pleural effusions, but also other causes such as lung cancer, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, pancreatitis, etc. Thoracentesis no prior preparation is required, but the realization of a chest radiograph before and after the test. Besides, it is necessary that the patient does not cough or move during the process as this could cause damage to the lung. The test starts with the application of anesthesia in the back area where the pleural puncture takes place, which involves inserting the needle above the rib into the pleural space to remove a sample of the liquid to be analyzed in the laboratory. As the result, the treatment will be adapted to the pathology. ...

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