Dra. Beatriz Vaquerizo Montilla Adult cardiologist
Barcelona

Valvular

The valve disease is a typical disease of the heart valves. The valves can be damaged for various reasons, for example infections or aging.

Cardiac rehabilitation is a medical program for people suffering from heart problems. It aims to help people to have an active life and reduce the risk of other problems. It is intended for people who have suffered a stroke coración a anginoplastía, angina, heart failure, a repair or replacement of heart valves or heart transplant or lung.   ...

Aortic aneurysm

The aortic aneurysm is an abnormal dilatation or widening of a portion of the aorta. It is usually caused by a hardening of the arteries. It is the most common pathology of people with high cholesterol, proposed hypertension or smokers. Aneurysms develop slowly for years; Its symptoms are accentuated when the aneurysm grows rapidly, opens or when the blood seeps along the aortic wall, in what is known as aortic dissection. Treatment will depend on the location of the aneurysm. ...

Arrhythmias

An arrhythmia is an abnormal heartbeat or perceived by the patient as an abnormality, different from normal normal heartbeat. The rhythmic succession of the heartbeats in a resting adult oscillates between 60 and 100 beats per minute, so when these beats are increased sensibly it is spoken of sinus tachycardia, whereas if the beats are slowed, Is treated with sinus bradycardia. ...

Atherosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis is the most common disease of the arteries. Is a hardening, thickening and loss of elasticity of arteries. Several factors may be involved in the etiology of atherosclerosis are known, such as: pathologies such as cholesterol or blood pressure; factors related to sex, heredity, ethnic, snuff consumption, sedentary lifestyle, stress nerve…All these factors seem to play a very important role in the appearance of this pathology. The clinic will depend on the affected vascular territory and manifest themselves with symptoms of the affected organ. In addition, treatment is aimed at guiding people with a family history to control what risk factors soon as possible, insisting that they follow a proper diet, regular physical activity performed, and in the event that these measures were not enough, would require medical treatment. ...

Atrial fibrillation

AF is the most frequent arrhythmia in daily clinical practice with a high incidence of health in terms of social cost to the point of being considered a health epidemic, representing a very high volume of hospital admissions and increasing up to five times the potential risk of To suffer a stroke in the people who suffer it, therefore requiring in a very high percentage of oral anticoagulation cases. AF is a rapid flutter of the atria, generating a high number of electrical impulses that pass to the ventricles irregularly, producing the perception of a rapid and arrhythmic pulse. As a consequence of this arrhythmia, two other types of phenomena of enormous transcendence in the individual and potentially in society and in their surroundings occur in addition to the rapid and irregular pulse. On the one hand, the loss of normal and synchronous atrial contraction with the ventricles implies a significant reduction in the mechanical efficiency of the heart as a pump, contributing to a greater degree of fatigue and fatigue, and on the other hand, this atrial flutter allows the backflow of the heart. Blood in its interior, facilitating the blood coagulation and therefore the formation of thrombi in its interior that if they move to the circulatory torrent, can produce a stroke. However, although the atria is the one that suffers the problem, the initial origin of the onset of this heart rhythm disorder originates predominantly in the pulmonary veins. Patients with this cardiac rhythm disorder are usually born with muscle fibers that abnormally connect the pulmonary veins to the left atrium and are potentially activatable in response to a series of point stimuli or specific clinical conditions, modulated very importantly by the influence Of the autonomic nervous system, which is the visceral nervous system, that of the emotions, (which we can not control), playing this, a role modulator frequently in the abnormal electrical activity of the pulmonary veins that can at a specific moment activate electrically Anomalously and generate between 300 and 600 electric pulses per minute that literally "bombard" the left atrium, causing it to lose normal heart rate and initiating this flutter. ...

Bicuspid aortic valve

A bicuspid aortic valve is an aortic valve that instead of having 3 valves only has 2. It is a congenital (and in some cases hereditary) pathology, which can be detected in the first weeks of pregnancy. Even though it is the most common congenital heart defect, its cause remains uncertain. ...

Brugada syndrome

Brugada syndrome is a genetic heart disease. It is characterized by alterations in genes that direct the formation of cardiac proteins that regulate the passage of ions from the cell membrane. The electrocardiogram is the main test to diagnose this disease. You also need to perform an echocardiogram to see if there are abnormalities in the heart's structure. There is also a genetic test that can identify this genetic alteration confirming the disease. ...

Cardiac ablation

Once the electrophysiological study, and / or during the electrophysiological study, has been carried out, after having located with millimetric precision the origin of the abnormal electrical activation responsible for the tachyarrhythmia or tachycardia, to the therapeutic procedure that follows the same and consists of elimination of the Abnormal electrical tissue responsible for the arrhythmia, is called ablation, and can be performed by Radiofrequency, producing the least heat injury by Heat between 45 ° C and 60 ° C, enough to destroy the abnormal electrical tissue responsible or cold, producing In this case a freezing thermal injury, which is used in the electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins of the left atrium or even in some supraventricular tachycardias in children, with abnormal electric circuit locations near the normal cardiac conduction system, with less possibility To produce a blockage. ...

Cardiac magnetic resonance

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive technique used to image the heart study without using ionizing radiation (Rx). In a single scan, it allows the study of anatomy and cardiovascular function (heart and great vessels) as well as the assessment of myocardial perfusion by pharmacological stress tests in patients with coronary disease. It is mainly used for anatomical and functional study of congenital and acquired heart disease (cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, tissue characterization of masses and tumors, study of pulmonary veins, diagnosis of anomalous origin of the coronary arteries, quantification of cardiovascular flows, etc.) and allows the complete evaluation of ischemic heart disease (location, extent and impact on ventricular function and myocardial infarction detection of myocardial ischemia by pharmacological stress studies with adenosine or dobutamine). For a complete study cardiac or cardiovascular function including, myocardial perfusion and viability is accurate administration of paramagnetic contrast, being the same exceptional allergic reactions, unlike the iodinated contrast used in examinations Rx ...

Cardiac MRI

  Magnetic resonance imaging is a noninvasive medical diagnostic test that does not use X-rays, but creates a strong magnetic field is obtaining accurate images of the heart and vessels from many views. The signals emitted electromagnetic waves are collected and translated into images that can be observed on a monitor, allowing the clinician to study. Cardiac MRI are used especially to evaluate or diagnose the severity of heart damage following myocardial infarction and to detect the presence of tumors or masses in the heart muscle. This test typically takes 30 to 60 minutes and requires prior preparation of the patient. Furthermore, with this tool experts can perfectly distinguish the different anatomical structures for a clearer and more complete diagnosis.   ...

Cardiovascular Risk

The factors that provide an cardiovascular risk are those who are associated with a greater likelihood of cardiovascular disease such as cholesterol, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, genetic inheritance, stress, obesity and heart rate. These agents affect both the arteries of the heart as the other parts of the body such as the brain, kidney and lower limbs. The most common consequences are myocardial infarction or cardiovascular events such as thrombosis, embolism and cerebral hemorrhage. There are aspects that predispose people to suffer them as age, sex, race and, above all, family history. Also, maintain a balanced diet also prevents the control of blood pressure, cholesterol and blood glucose. ...

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a sterol (lipid or fat) that the human body needs to function properly, but too much cholesterol in the blood is bad because it can cause heart disease and stroke, among other problems. The cholesterol tends to increase with age but usually causes no symptoms, only detected with a blood test. People with family history of overweight or consuming lots of high-fat meal are very likely to have high cholesterol levels. You can lower cholesterol by performing exercise and consumption of fruits and vegetables. ...

Computed Tomography (CT) scan

Computed tomography (CT) is a scanner that uses x-radiation for medical imaging, cuts or sections, for diagnostic purposes. The TAC obtains multiple images and rotational movements around the body. ...

Coronary CT

Coronary CT is a diagnostic test that helps assess the state of the coronary arteries. It allows you to analyze very small structures but not to treat them. An image of the heart are obtained in 3 dimesiones. ...

dilated cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy is a disease that affects the heart and is characterized by being weakened and enlarged. This leads to the result that the heart can not pump to the body enough blood. The main causes of this disease are coronary artery disease and hypertension. Dilated cardiomyopathy symptoms such as pain or pressure in the chest, coughing, fatigue, loss of appetite and swelling of the feet, among others. ...

Echocardiogram

  The echocardiogram is a diagnostic test based on the use of ultrasonic techniques using ultrasound emission on the chest area, heart reach several structures reflecting on them again to be collected, analyzed and represented through graphics. The echocardiographic analysis or ultrasound of the heart represents a histogram of the mobility of the heart muscle and is especially useful for the study of the functioning of heart valves and their pathology. Also, this diagnostic test is useful for post-surgical follow-metal stents them. Furthermore, the development of B-scan is a plane scanning ultrasonic viewing images in real time that allows calculation of volumes and areas of valvular orifices, which serves to complete medical diagnostics. ...

Electrocardiogram

  The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic test that is a record, with special tools (electrocardiogram) of the electrical activity of normal heart and presenting pathology. It also constitutes one of the most important knowledge and appreciation of most of the heart techniques. Also, electrocardiography provides an invaluable diagnostic aid growth of different heart chambers (atria and ventricles). In many cases, the diagnosis of congenital heart disease is known from the characteristic plot of this. In fact, the ECG provides important data for the evaluation of more than 80% of heart disease. ...

Extrasystole

Extrasístole a premature ventricular contraction or a heart rhythm disorder. It consists of a heartbeat advance to the normal heart rate of any person and is considered a harmless type of arrhythmia. This person will perceive it as an increase in palpitations, as if the heart skip a beat. The heart has an electrical conduction mechanism that generates the heartbeat. When the beat starts off the automatic system, an ectopic beat occurs. If the source is in the atria (upper chambers of the heart), it is called atrial extrasystole; if it occurs in the ventricles (lower chambers) is called premature ventricular contraction. It is very important to maintain the heart rate and, for that reason, have a clearing mechanism that makes for a few milliseconds, not stimulated again. This system makes a new extrasístole not accelerate again. However, this "protection" pauses or short break after "turn the heart." No serious or pause or extrasístole. The pause is a protective mechanism that is activated until normal heart rhythm restarts. ...

Fatty liver

Fatty liver disease, also known as hepatic steatosis, is a disease characterized by the accumulation of fatty acids and triglycerides in liver cells. ...

Heart attack / angina

Angina is a medical pathology manifested clinically by intense thoracic pain, because of insufficient blood flow that supplies the heart through the coronary arteries usually appears abruptly and lasts a short time. Also characteristic is the feeling of constriction in chest level, often radiating to the left arm or jaw. Also, the anginal attack can cause symptoms to generalized level, as paleness, cold sweats, anxiety and strong sense of immediate death, but usually lasts a couple of minutes. Always it is a medical emergency and the medical performance in the first time is critical. Myocardial infarction would be the ultimate expression of angina. ...

Heart attack / angina pectoris

Myocardial infarction occurs when a coronary artery is blocked, dying a portion of the heart muscle. The clogged artery, blood supply to the heart is suppressed. If prolonged, the tissue dies and does not regenerate. ...

Heart Failure

Heart failure occurs when the body in a permanent obstacle is located in the blood circulation. This may be located within the heart muscle or outside, which causes an increase in blood pressure. There are two types of heart failure: systolic, when the heart muscle can not pump blood and ridding the heart; and diastolic pressure when the heart muscles are stiff and not fill with blood. Both are treatable. First, avoid any effort that work overload of the heart, and then, deliver drugs that provide vitality to exhausted heart muscle. Additionally, when the obstacle is within the coronary arteries of coronary insufficiency talk. ...

Heart murmur

  A heart murmur is a noise comparable to that makes the air in a torch, which is usually pathological, although young children may be normal. You can listen using a device called phonendoscope, which is placed at chest level. The heart murmurs are always indicative that there is increased blood flow to heart level, either by an alteration to the level of a heart valve or a noncardiac cause. Besides, the situation blow, the sonic character, location, irradiation, and the variation by reference to the effort and the change of position, are always data to take into account because they offer a lot of information regarding the pathology that He has caused. ...

Hypercholesterolemia

Hypercholesterolemia is the presence of blood cholesterol above normal levels. This increase is often associated with heart problems, diet, sex, lifestyle and endogenous synthesis. Thus the concentration of blood cholesterol hereditary and dietary factors involved, along with other related physical activity. We can distinguish two types of hypercholesterolemia. Primary, derived from problems with cholesterol transporters systems and genetic factors, and the secondary, where the increase in cholesterol is associated with certain liver, endocrine and kidney disease. ...

Hypertension

Hypertension is the increase in blood pressure either on a temporary, intermittent or permanent, always above considered a normal values ​​ranging between 160/95mmH, according to the World Health Organization. Clinically, it can not give symptomatology or, conversely, take the form of severe headaches, congestion of the face… Aparate, arterial hypertension (HT ) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality index is one of the most important public health problematic in developed countries. Hypertension is treated with general measures such as a balanced, low-fat diet, and medication treatment. This often avoid complications that can result from poorly controlled hypertension, a heart, eyes and kidneys. ...

Hypertension

Hypertension is the increase in blood pressure either transiently, intermittent or permanent, always above a level considered normal values ​​ranging from 160 / 95mmH, according to the World Health Organization. Clinically, it can not give symptoms or, conversely, manifested in the form of severe headaches, congestion face ... Aparate, high blood pressure (hypertension) is associated with high morbidity and mortality rate is one of the problems most important public health in developed countries. Hypertension is treated with general measures such as a balanced, low-fat diet and drug therapy. This will prevent in many cases the complications that can result from poorly controlled hypertension, a heart, eyes and kidneys. ...

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a disease caused by the inability of relaxation of the heart, altering pumping blood into the bloodstream. The cause of this disease is hypertrophy (enlargement) of the walls of the ventricles. In general, patients show dyspnea (breathlessness) in response to heart failure but in many cases may be asymptomatic, and is considered one of the most common causes of sudden death in young people. Among other complications of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy include arrhythmias, angina pectoris or myocardial infarction. Your treatment is based on the use of drugs that enhance arrhythmias and heart contractility although the use of the ICD (defibrillator autoimplantable) in cases where the risk of sudden death is important may also be necessary. In addition, cardiomyopathy is an inherited disease, so it is highly advisable to visit a cardiologist when there is a family history of this disease. ...

Ictus

  Stroke means the sudden cessation of cerebral circulation after injury of cerebral vessels, which starts unexpectedly and can develop within minutes in major neurological syndromes. Three basic ways of mechanisms of action are known: haemorrhagic (atherosclerosis and hypertension are usually most frequent causes them); cerebral thrombosis, arteriosclerosis again being the most common cause; and, thirdly, strokes. Clinically, depending on the location of the lesion some specific neurological signs, which may be in the form of motor, sensory impairment, and, in severe cases, coma and death will manifest. In the overall treatment of stroke it is essential to control risk factors such as hypertension, heart disease, snuff, diabetes mellitus ... ...

Ischemic heart

Ischemic heart disease is a disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries, atherosclerosis. Al narrowed arteries less oxygen reaches the heart and seriously affects your balance. Can produce a mild angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction. ...

Marfan Syndrome

  Marfan syndrome is a genetic cause clinical disease characterized by a disorder in the growth of connective tissue, mainly affecting the skeletal system, eyes, skin and cardiovascular system. This disease may also affect the lungs, at the eye level and especially on the heart, where they can cause stretching or weakening of the aorta, which is known as aneurysm or aortic dilation. The physical appearance of people with this syndrome is very characteristic and characterized by: one tall, with hands and feet disproportionate; high flexibility; deviation of the spine (scoliosis); They may have sunken chest or very prominent; and his face is narrow and thin, often with a small jaw. ...

Metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome, or plurimetabolic syndrome is the association of different health problems that can occur simultaneously or in a sequence in the same patient. Insulin resistance, genetics, environment and lifestyle are the most common causes related to this syndrome that involves a number of risks to their health, so they must be controlled immediately by a specialist. The insulin resistance causes diabetes is associated with a rise in blood pressure, increased cholesterol and triglyceride levels, obesity and waist area. The main causes of the appearance of this painting, especially in people over 40 years but also younger, are prolonged stress over time, poor diet, and long fasting between meals. The general pattern of these patients is that of a person who, after a period with this rhythm of life, suddenly suffer a decline in their quality of life and health (commonly called "downer") without seeming be sick. ...

Myocarditis

Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle. It is a rare disease and can be caused by several factors: infections, allergic reactions, diseases with an immunological basis, etc. In some patients, there are no symptoms, but in most the disease is manifested by chest pain, fatigue, fever, joint pain, or shortness of breath, among other symptoms. For diagnosis, it is necessary to perform a series of tests (general analytic, an ultrasound of the heart and an electrocardiogram), and treatment aims to eradicate what caused the inflammation of the heart muscle by prescribing antibiotics or anti-inflammatory and recommendation salt diet or decreased physical activity. In many cases, recovery with proper treatment may involve the complete cure of the patient, preventing further complications such as heart failure. ...

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

Magnetic resonance imaging also known by its acronym MRI is a diagnostic test by which body images are obtained. No X-rays and CT or on plain radiographs are used. ...

OCT ( optical coherence tomography )

OCT is an intravascular diagnostic technique high resolution. It is used to study the interior of the coronary arteries and the inside of the macula and retina. OCT macular or optical coherence tomography is a test that allows the diagnosis and monitoring of problems of the macula and retina. Pathologies in which is made: macular degeneration (AMD) Glaucoma macular edema Central serous choroiditis epiretinal membrane macular holes magna or pathological myopia This technique does not cause discomfort to the patient and does not require previous preparation. Using an infrared laser beam, a microscopic study of tissues of the eye is made. ...

Pacemaker

  A pacemaker is an electronic device that generates electrical impulses to the heart. They are designed for people who can not keep up and often beats properly because your natural pacemaker is not working properly. The artificial pacemaker is a cardiac pacing system that controls and monotoriza cardiac electrical activity and causes electrical impulses are triggered. There are two types of pacemakers: temporary and permanent. Permanent pacemaker implantation is done by subcutaneous implantation of the generator, while temporary pacemaker generator is implanted in the patient and can be done transcutaneously or intravenously. ...

Palpitations

Palpitations are heartbeat of sudden onset and violent, sensitive and annoying. Normally the heart action is perceived only in a situation of stress, strong emotion or after the completion of an important exercise. But heart palpitations can occur in certain pathological states in which the heartbeat increase in intensity and frequency, as in the case of tachycardia, which can be a symptom of cardiac or noncardiac disease, such as: a significant anemia , an increase of thyroid function, liver disease, or other conditions; but they can also occur after drinking alcohol, tea, coffee and other stimulants. ...

Pericarditis

Pericarditis is inflammation of the serous membrane, ie, the outer coat that surrounds the heart sac. It may be due to an infectious origin, or appear without apparent cause or after a general infection like pneumonia, tuberculosis ... All symptoms are cardiocirculatory from dyspnea heart failure, through oppression or symptoms of decompensation; and clinically manifested with choking and intense stabbing chest pain level. In many cases, it is generally a benign condition that refers to own treatment of the symptoms presented by the patient, but in exceptional cases, surgical treatment may be necessary. Pericarditis can give a very similar clinical cardiomyopathy but it is important to differentiate since the treatment is completely different. ...

Preventive Cardiology

  Preventive cardiology is the set of measures intended to protect the person of the possibility of developing a specific medical condition. The high incidence and high mortality from ischemic heart disease have been raising awareness in the society for prevention campaigns, awareness and mentation, with the aim of trying to prevent and combat the so-called risk factors: obesity, snuff, hypertension, sedentary lifestyle, hypercholesterolemia ... This type of action prior to the onset of the disease is called primary prevention, while in high even certain medical or surgical guidelines, such as bypass surgery would be used to improve the quality and survival. ...

Second medical opinion

The second opinion is the medical report containing the diagnostic or therapeutic proposal from the illness of a patient by a different professional who established the first diagnosis. Patients may request a second medical opinion are those who want to confirm or know the valuation of another specialist. If the second opinion is different and the patient chooses the latter option, you can receive assistance both in the center normally attending the patient, as in the center where the final diagnosis is made. ...

Sports medical examination

The sports medical checkups are all the evidence concerning the health of athletes, whose purpose is to study the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular system, in order to prevent or avoid problems associated with physical exercise. ...

Stress Test

It is known as stress test or treadmill test electrocardiographic medical examination which is generally used for diagnosis and assessment of heart failure or angina. Over the years, its use has expanded the use of this test but can not be performed on all patients suffering from heart diseases because it can pose some risks for the efforts involved in their implementation. To realize this, a static or ergonometric bicycle is used, following a methodology of progression overload thereof as a strong official protocol. The patient is monitored to control the test pulse rate, blood pressure, oxygen consumption and electrocardiographic changes and clinical response to stress (pain, fatigue ...). ...

Sudden death

Sudden death is a sudden and natural death. The main cause of sudden death is cardiac arrest. Although there are likely to regain the patient by the cardiopulmonary resuscitation at times. It is estimated that 12% of natural deaths are sudden deaths. In patients with ischemic heart disease, sudden death is the most common form of death. Among infants and adults over 45 years there are more cases of MSC. It is also more common in men than in women. Popularly it is believed that there is a relationship between physical activity and sudden death. But the overall impact is small. To minimize the risk, it is recommended that a preliminary medical examination to sports, especially before a competition. Some drugs, such as diuretics or antiarrhythmics, can cause arrhythmia and so sudden death. Drugs, especially cocaine, also favors this unexpected death. ...

Supraventricular tachycardia

Supraventricular tachycardia is a disorder of the heart. It is characterized by an accelerated heart rate, which occurs in the atrioventricular node. A tachycardia by definition consists of clinical perception of the rapid heart, or an unusual heart rate. Tachycardia differs from tachyarrhythmias in that in the former the heart is perceived to be fast but always rhythmic, without variations in pulse frequency, while in tachyarrhythmias the heart is also perceived to be rapid, but the pulse is arrhythmic, not regular. Although all tachyarrhythmias are abnormal, not all tachycardias are abnormal, clearly differentiating between a reactive physiological sinus tachycardia, which can be perceived after an emotion, physical exercise, etc. And it has very clear characteristics: it increases progressively until a maximum limit and it descends always progressively, whereas the abnormal tachycardias (that respond to the activation of abnormal electric circuits within the heart), they present / display a characteristic typically common, and are that they respond to The law of "all or nothing", ie the heart is abruptly activated, for example from 60 to 150 beats per minute and is abruptly cut from 150 to 60. ...

Syncope

A sudden and transient loss of consciousness is defined as syncope, with absence of postural tone and falling to the floor (if the patient is standing), but with spontaneous recovery, which does not require cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers to recover normality ...

Thoracic pain

  The chest pain is a pain in the front of the chest that may be a symptom of many diseases: heart disease, such as acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, or pericarditis; respiratory infectious type, such as influenza, pneumonia; nerve, such as anxiety attacks; osteoarticular and muscle u. However, keep in mind that despite the feeling severe pain in the chest, often the causes are not dangerous to the health of the individual. Since the cause of chest pain can be multiple, to avoid any mishap, it is essential quick reference to specialist for immediate treatment, in case it is needed. ...

tilt table

  The test tilt or tilt-table test is used to find the cause of syncope suffered by the patient. To perform the test, the subject must be tied by the arms and feet reclining on a special table, and will insert an intravenous catheter in one arm while the other will be placed a bracelet to control blood pressure. In addition, to analyze heart rate, you put a set of electrodes connected to an electrocardiograph for electrocardiograms constant during the time of performing the test. The individual will upset your heart rate to the point where eventually lose consciousness, emulating syncope. Thus, the detailed results of the test will start drug treatment to prevent the patient to return to fainting. ...

Valvuloplasty

Valvuloplasty involves opening a stenotic heart valve hardened through a balloon catheter. To carry out a very small catheter is introduced from a blood vessel in the groin or the aorta to the heart. Once the expert in cardiology the catheter is inserted into the valve to be opened a balloon / balloon is at the end of the catheter until the cusps (flaps) of the valve opening is inflated. Once it has managed to open the valve, the balloon is deflated and the catheter is removed. Valvuloplasty is done to open hardened as a result of heart disease or heart valves aging. The results are considered satisfactory by reducing failure. ...

Venous insufficiency

  It means venous insufficiency difficulties in the venous return of blood flow through the veins, either by the presence of a stenosis in the vessel, by an insufficiency of valves therein, or because they have lost the elasticity of its walls, expanding and leading to varicose veins. Risk factors that predispose to this disease are obesity, age, genetic factors, multiple pregnancies, remain standing long hours ... Venous insufficiency is manifested by symptoms such as itching, redness of the skin at the ankles and distal part of the foot, swelling, discoloration in the area, superficial varicose veins and leg ulcers, among others. Treatment consists of the use of elastic stockings and avoid spending long hours in one position, and other factors that predispose to its formation. If these measures prove insufficient, the drug treatment will be necessary and / or surgery. ...

Ventricular tachycardia

Ventricular tachycardia is a very rapid heartbeat. It occurs in the lower chambers of the heart, the ventricles. Tachycardias differ from tachyarrhythmias in that in the first the heart is perceived fast but always rhythmic, whereas in tachyarrhythmias the heart is also perceived fast, but the pulse is arrhythmic, not regular. Although all tachyarrhythmias are abnormal, not all tachycardias are clearly differentiated between a reactive physiological sinus tachycardia, which can be perceived after an emotion, physical exercise, etc. ...